Accounting in the realization account of partnership businesses in cases of dissolution

NOTE;
All assets except cash and bank balance and those assets which are taken over by partners are transferred to the Debit side of Realisation A/c.
Similarly all liabilities except which are taken over by partners (excluding free reserves) are transferred to the credit side of Realisation A/c. Actually Realisation A/c is a Nominal A/c. This account is prepared to calculate the profit/loss made on realisation of assets and settlement of liabilities.
If this account was not prepared then on selling every asset you would have made entry in every asset account and transferred the profit/loss on that transaction to some separate account kept for calculating profit/loss on realisation of assets and settlement of liabilities. Similarly while settling every liability you would have made entry in each liability and transferred profit/loss to the same account meant for calculating profit/loss on realisation of assets and settlement of liabilities. From what has been stated above you would realise that it would mean a lot of work which reduces significantly by preparing Realisation A/c and you get to know profit/loss made during the process of realisation of assets and settlement of liabilities at one place.

MARKET EFFICIENCY AND TYPES OF MARKET EFFICIENCY

Market Efficiency

Market Efficiency
Definition :market  efficiency refers to the degree to which the aggregate decisions of all the market's participants accurately reflect the value of public companies and their common shares at any moment in time.
This requires determining a company's intrinsic value and constantly updating those valuations as new information becomes known
. The faster and more accurate the market is able to price securities, the more efficient it is said to be.
. Definition  of Efficient Market Hypothesis:

This is an investment theory that states it is impossible to "beat the market" because stock market efficiency causes existing share prices to always incorporate and reflect all relevant information. According to the EMH, stocks always trade at their fair value on stock exchanges, making it impossible for investors to either purchase undervalued stocks or sell stocks for inflated prices. As such, it should be impossible to outperform the overall market through expert stock selection or market timing, and that the only way an investor can possibly obtain higher returns is by purchasing riskier investments.

TYPES  OF  MARKET  EFFICIENCY.

Eugene Fama identified three levels of market efficiency:
1.Weak-form efficiency:
Prices of the securities instantly and fully reflect all information of the past prices.
This means future price movements cannot be predicted by using past prices.
It is simply to say that, past data on stock prices are of no use in predicting future stock price changes.
Everything is random. In this kind of market, should simply use a "buy-and-hold" strategy.

2.Semi-strong efficiency:

Asset prices fully reflect all of the publicly available information.
Therefore, only investors with additional inside information could have advantage on the market.
Any price anomalies are quickly found out and the stock market adjusts.

3.Strong-form efficiency:

Asset prices fully reflect all of the public and inside information available.
Therefore, no one can have advantage on the market in predicting prices since there is no data that would provide any additional value to the investors.

Price discovery

Price  discovery is  the  determination or  making of  the  price of equity and  the  price  of  debt  security in  the  market

ANGELA CHIBALONZA JINA LA YESU LYRICS

Jina la Yesu limeniponya maisha,
Jina la Yesu,limenisamehe dhambi,
Jina la Yesu limenitoa katika mikono ya ibilisi!

Verse 1;
Nililiita jina la Yesu nikapata uzima,
kanitoa matesoni akaniokoa,
na sasa naimba kwa utukufu wake,
Roho wake amenijaza sasa niko Huru,
Hu-u-u-ru!

Chorus.

  Jina la Yesu limeniponya maisha,
Jina la Yesu,limenisamehe dhambi,
Jina la Yesu limenitoa katika mikono ya ibilisi!

Verse 2.
Nilipokua katika shida, sikuona rafiki,
Magonjwa na shida yakanisumbua,
masoma ya watoto nikashindwa kulipa,
Hata pesa za nyumba nikashindwa kulipa, Marafiki kanikimbia sababu ya shida,
Nilipo ita jina la Yesu nikapata msaada, Nilisongea akanipa, sasa nafurahi,
furahi-i-I katika Bwana Yesu

Chorus :
Jina la Yesu limeniponya maisha,
Jina la Yesu,limenisamehe dhambi,
Jina la Yesu limenitoa katika mikono ya ibilisi! Jina la Yesu limeniponya maisha,
Jina la Yesu,limenisamehe dhambi,
(ou ou ou)
Jina la Yesu limenitoa katika mikono ya ibilisi!

Verse 3:
Sasa nafurahia, kuishi pamoja naye,
tangu nilipo okoka maisha imebadilika,
Na safari yangu, naelekea mbingu-u-uni

Chorus
Jina la Yesu limeniponya maisha,
Jina la Yesu,limenisamehe dhambi,
Jina la Yesu limenitoa katika mikono ya ibilisi! Jina la Yesu limeniponya maisha,
Jina la Yesu,limenisamehe dhambi, Jina la Yesu limenitoa katika mikono ya ibilisi!

Verse 1

(repeat)
Nililiita jina la Yesu nikapata uzima,
kanitoa matesoni akaniokoa,
na sasa naimba kwa utukufu wake,
Roho wake amenijaza sasa niko huru,
Hu-u-u-ru!

Chorus; Jina la Yesu limeniponya maisha,
Jina la Yesu,limenisamehe dhambi,
Jina la Yesu limenitoa katika mikono ya ibilisi!

MAJOR Reasons why people join groups

a.
PROXIMITY, INTERACTION AND  INFLUENCE
One of the most common reasons why people join groups is because they work near each other.
Informal groups seem to form among those     who are in close proximity.
  When people have frequent interaction or              contact with one another, there is likelihood
that they will form a group.
Finally, if the behaviour of one individual influences that of others, they are likely to form a group.

b. Security:
Probably the strongest reason to join the group is the need for security.
By joining a group we can reduce our insecurity – we feel stronger.
New or experienced, no employee likes to stay alone.
We derive reassurance from interacting with others and being part of a group.
This often explains the appeal of unions – if management creates an environment in which employees feel insecure, they are likely to turn to unionization in order to reduce their feelings of insecurity.

c. Esteem:
An individual can increase his self-esteem through group membership.
One may gain esteem by becoming a member of a high status group.
Associating with high status people is reinforcing.

d. Power:
Membership of groups offers power to members in at least two ways.
First, there are sayings such as “United we stand, divided we fall” and “there is strength in number.”
Secondly, leadership of an informal group enables an individual to use power over group members, even if he does not enjoy a formal position of authority in the organization.

5.NEED  FOR  AFFLIATION :
in  order  to  have  a  sense  of belonging  to  certain  people.

6.To  achieve  some  common  goals.
According  to  Jennifer  and  Gareth people  interact  with  each  other  to  achieve  certain  goals  or  to  meet  certain  needs

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BEHAVIOURISM

CRITICISM  OF BEHAVIOURISM

1. BEHAVIOURISM  IS  A ONE  DIMENSIONAL APPROACH:
Many critics argue that behaviorism is a one-dimensional approach to understanding human behavior and that behavioral theories do not account for free will and internal influences such as moods, thoughts, and feelings.
2.BEHAVIOURISM  FAILS  TO  ACCOUNT  FOR  OTHER  TYPES  OF  LEARNING :
Behaviorism does not account for other types of learning, especially learning that occurs without the use of reinforcement and punishment.
3.People and animals are able to adapt their behavior when new information is introduced, even if a previous behavior pattern has been established through reinforcement.

STRENGTHS  OF  BEHAVIOURISM

1.BASED  ON  OBSERVABLE  CHARACTERISTICS :
Behaviorism is based upon observable behaviors, so it is easier to quantify and collect data and information when conducting research.
2.Effective therapeutic techniques such as intensive behavioral intervention, behavior analysis, token economies, and discrete trial training are all rooted in behaviorism. These approaches are often very useful in changing maladaptive or harmful behaviors in both children and adults.

SIX CORE INFLUENCERS OF BEHAVIOUR IN PERSONALITY FORMATION

Behavioralism and learning Theories

Evolutionary Psychology
This  is  the  study of evolution of behavior and the mind
It uses the principle of natural selection by Darwin’s principle.
Darwin  theory  States  that those traits contributing to the survival of the species will most likely be passed on to the next generation.

It  further  States Survival of the generation will rely on their competence to survive in changing environment.

The six core  influences on behavior of individual include:

1.Early Brain Development: 
   Early experience is critical in brain   development.
In later life continued use is necessary to maintain neural connections in the brain.

2.Peer Influence:
Peer influence in adolescence development may play very powerful role.
Many studies suggest a peer group behavior is correlated with one’s school performance, smoking, and other habits.
3.Culture :
These  are Shared attitudes, beliefs, norms and behaviors of a group, may be in a family .

culture represents  peoples  way  of  life.

Culture is communicated from one generation      to the next.
The way how a system has been operating over the period is culture.
4.Norms:
Rules for accepted and expected behavior understood in a defined context.
Norms consist of the “proper behavior”within a group.
5.Individualism:
Giving priority to one’s goals over thegoals of the group.
Defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than the group’s identification.  Individualism tend to see people as separate and independent
6.Collectivism:
  Giving priority to the goals of one’s groupover one’s personal goals.
  Defining one’s identity in terms of the group’s identification rather than personal attributes
Collectivism  Sees people as connected to others.
  Individual needs are sacrificed for the goodness of the group.